A military dolphin is a dolphin trained for military uses. The United States and Russian militaries have trained and employed oceanic dolphins for several reasons. Such military dolphins have been trained to rescue lost naval swimmers or to locate underwater mines.
The U.S. Navy trains dolphins and sea lions under the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program, which is based in San Diego, California. Military dolphins were used by the U.S. Navy during the First and Second Gulf Wars.[1] About 75 dolphins are in the program.[2]
The Soviet Navy operated a research facility to explore military uses of marine mammals at Kazachya Bukhta, near Sevastopol. The Russian military is believed to have closed its marine mammal program in the early 1990s. In 2000, the press reported that dolphins trained to kill by the Soviet Navy had been sold to Iran.[3]
Due to the secrecy of such practice, rumors of military dolphins include training them to lay underwater mines, to locate enemy combatants, or to seek and destroy submarines using kamikaze methods.[4] There has even been speculation about the potential development of sophisticated equipment, such as poison darts, sonar jamming devices, and so on for dolphins, and about combat between cetaceans of both superpowers. The U.S. Navy denies ever having trained its marine mammals to harm or injure humans in any fashion or to carry weapons to destroy ships.[5]
In 2005, there were press reports that some U.S. military dolphins based on Lake Pontchartrain had escaped during the Hurricane Katrina flooding.[6] The U.S. Navy dismissed these stories as nonsense or a hoax, though they may be taking on the status of an urban myth.[7]
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The United States Navy implemented a program in 1960 to work with dolphins and sea lions in order to help with defense, mine detection, and design of new submarines and new underwater weapons. The Navy did many tests with several marine mammals to determine which would be best for the jobs they needed done. "More than 19 species were tested, including some sharks and birds." Eventually, the bottlenose dolphin and California sea lion were shown to be the best at what the Navy needed them for. The bottlenose dolphins' asset was their highly evolved biosonar, helping to find underwater mines, and the sea lions' asset was their impeccable underwater vision, which can help to detect enemy swimmers. In fiscal year 2007, the United States Navy spent $14 million on research on marine mammals as weapons and marine mammal training programs in object recovery and mine detection.
The marine mammals used for the Navy's research and operations are taken care of with a full-time staff of veterinarians, veterinarian technicians, and highly trained marine biologists.[8] The doctors and staff are on call around the clock so that the animals get the care that they need. Their focus is to keep the dolphins and sea lions healthy and fit for duty with routine physicals, nutrition oversight, and extensive data collection and management.
The dolphins and sea lions are trained by five teams of the Navy's Marine Mammal fleet members. One team specializes in swimmer detection, three teams in mine location, and another team in object recoveries. The quick-response goal of this fleet is to mobilize a team and be on site within 72 hours. Dolphins are trained much as police dogs and hunting dogs are. They are given rewards such as fish on correct completion of a task. Dolphins are trained to detect underwater mines and enemy swimmers and then report back to their handlers.[4]
1. Anonymous. (May 2, 2003). "Searching the Sea". Scholastic News, 59(24), 2. Retrieved January 28, 2008, ProQuest. Gethings, Chris. Navy Newsstand - Eye on the Fleet. 28 Jan. 2008. <www.navy.mil/view_single.asp?id=28305>.
2. "Marine Mammal Health Care of the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program". U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Animal Health Care. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from www.spawar.navy.mil/sandiego/technology/mammals/veterinary.html
3. Navy Office. Sonar - Balancing Environmental Stewardship and National Defense. Rhumb Lines: Straight Lines to Navigate By. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from www.navy.mil
4. Renwick, D. M., Simmons, R. & Truver, S. C. (August 1997). "Marine Mammals are a Force Multiplier". United States Naval Institute Proceedings, 123(8), 52.
5. Walsh, D. (May 2007). "Sleek Sailors - The Navy's Marine Mammal Program". United States Naval Institute Proceedings, 133(5), 176. Retrieved January 28, 2008, ProQuest.